The Reluctant Fundamentalist Essay -- Ethical Issues, Religious Fanati

Fundamentalism is a strict adherence to a set of ideas or beliefs that are conservative in nature. It is a pejorative status usually associated with religious fanaticism. Usually, this is what comes to mind when there is mention of a fundamentalist. However, in Mohsin Hamids The Reluctant Fundamentalist starring the protagonist Changez, a Pakistani Princetonian who is a top-ranked employee at a prestigious New York valuation firm, turns out not to be an Islamic fundamentalist, but a reluctant fundamentalist of US Capitalism. Hamid challenges readers to reevaluate their conceive notions and prejudices of people different from themselves in post 9/11 America by employing the use of motifs, aphorism, and suspense, to create a conflation of corporate culture and violence in the form of an allegorical frame story. This story not only proves relevant in historical contexts pertaining to the United States and their involvements in past wars, but also in contemporary settings, as in the cu rrent ongoing wars. Simply put, history repeats itself. The story takes place within the span of a day, as Changez approaches an American in the district of Old Anarkali in Lahore, Pakistan. He invites the American to have tea with him, which eventually leads into dinner and continues on into the late evening while he recounts the events of his life-time which has led up to their fated encounter. The story is told in the second-person narrative, meaning the voice of the American is never heard, but his reactions are implied and guided by Changez. In this way, the audience plays an interactive part in the story, enabling the reader to identify with both parties and make judgements about the outcome of the story. The author constantly plays with the idea... ... by the hand. But why are you reaching into your jacket, sir? I detect a glint of metal. Given that you and I are now bound by a certain dual-lane intimacy, I trust it is the holder of your business cards (Hamid 184).And wit h that, the author leaves us with a cliffhanger, for us to determine the ending however we see fit. Hamid has made draw that ideas and truths are all relative, that people should actively search for answers, instead of believing everything they are told. His characters allowed us to exercise our intuitions in search of hidden truths, and mostly to reaquaint ourselves with the elusive, universal sense. The aphorism, focus on the fundamentals, is accentuated even further by the suspenseful ending and challenges us to ponder the wisdom of the story, when we consider whether or not the fully-bearded Changez has become other type of fundamentalist.

Yi Dynasty :: essays research papers fc

&49436&50689&51456aka Eddie SanchezThe Yi DynastyThe Yi Dynasty, similarly called the Chosun Dynasty, is the last and longest-lived imperial dynasty of Korea. General &51060&49457&44228 founded the Yi Dynasty when he overthrew the Koryo dynasty. It lasted until 1910 when Korea ceased to be an independent sovereign state after universe annexed by Japan. During the Chosun Dynasty, Koreas class system was very defined and genial mobility was defined. Primarily, one could theoretically go up through Chosuns education system, which was Confucian based. Commerce was controlled by the government, but as time went on, government loosened its grip over trading and commerce. In 1392, General &51060&49457&44228, or King &53468&51312 as he was later known, became ruler of Korea. Confucian replaced Buddhism as the main ideological influence, and a rigidly structured, hierarchical social system evolved, dominating the kingdom for fin centuries (Washam). These measures effectively undercut the societal influence of both Koryos Buddhist hierarchy and the old aristocracy. This cleared the way for the new elite class that would pretermit Korea for the next 500 yearsGreat landowners and a Confucianist scholar-gentry, known &50577&48152, dominated agriculture, politics, and foreign policy. The &50577&48152 was comprised of the literati, or educated, class. They monopolized civil and military posts in the new national bureaucracy. The special way into the bureaucracy was to be successful in the civil service examinations. Since &50577&48152 families were exempt from taxes and labor, they were able to fully devote their time to studying while those who were not born into &50577&48152 families generally did not move up in the social structure due to the fact that they needed to work to survive and pay taxes. Thus, social mobility was difficult and extremely uncommon. However, theoretically and ideally, one could escape the lower classes through mastering the civil service exam ination.Beneath them were the crafts people and artists who were highly esteemed because of their skills and talents. Astronomers and physicians were also included in this group. During the Yi Dynasty, Korean landscape painting becomes popular. Also, the Korean ceramics industry is renewed. Craftsmen begin producing white porcelain as well as &48516&52397&51088&44592. Craftsmen manufactured many &48516&52397 ceramic pieces for the government as well as for artistic purposes. Porcelain, on the other hand, was basically centralized. Porcelain was managed by the royal court. Perhaps, that is why the craftsmen were highly regarded (Lee).Below the craftspeople in the decreed order were the common people who made up 75 percent of the population.

The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood and Brave New World by Aldous Hu

The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood and Brave New mankind by Aldous Huxley.While there are many differences between the societies portrayed indystopic literature, they up to now have the common bond of lacking thefundawork forcetal freedoms required for a properly operated society toexist. This cannot be truer for The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwoodand Brave New World by Aldous Huxley. These novels prove that theindividuals freedom are sacrificed in dystopic societies when thegovernment controls the experience, individuality and relationships ofeach person in order for there to be stability in the society.Dystopia is seen in each of the novels through the use of conflictdemonstrating the authority over knowledge, the use of theme toestablish the lack of identity and the use of character to show thecontrol of knowledge.It is evident in both novels that a dystopic society exists throughthe authors use of conflict to illustrate the control of knowledge ofthe past and present in order for there to be stability. For example,in The Handmaids Tale, all Handmaids are forbidden from reading orwriting, this is an attempt by the leaders of the society to controlthe knowledge their citizens can utilize. This control extends overany form of written word, and if the rules are disobeyed, there areconsequences Scrabble. This was once the game of old women, oldmen to be played in retirement villas when there was nothing good ontelevision. Now its forbidden, for us. Now its dangerous. Now itsindecent . Now its desirable (Atwood 174). In this society, Scrabbleis considered forbidden because of what it represents -- freedom ofexpression. The consequences the leaders have imposed create ac... ...ge, individuality andrelationships of each person in order for there to be stability in thesociety. Through the use of conflict, dystopia is established in bothof the novels using the control of knowledge of the past and presentin the society in order for stability. In addition, th rough the use oftheme, dystopia is established using the lack of identity of eachmember of the society in order for stability to be in the society.Finally, through the use of character, dystopia is established throughthe control of the relationships in each member of the societies. Inorder for there to be stability in a society there must be sacrificesmade, especially in a society that is considered dystopic.Works Cited-----------Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaids Tale. U.S.A Seal Books, 1986.Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. Hammersmith, London Flamingo, 1994.

The Importance of Principles in A Man for All Seasons :: Man for All Seasons Essays

The Importance of Principles in A Man for All Seasons   There are many issues that people have to mete out with in society. more or less issues can be difficult to handle and some can be easy. While dealing with these issues, people tend to be more curious more or less their personal sustenance then the life of their time period. There are many consequences that will be occurring to that situation depending on how people will deal with the problems they face in their lives. In the play Man For All Season, Thomas More, does not only life for his personal life, precisely also the life oh his time period that makes him a strong person who faces many issues by being pressured his family and friend, by not saying the oath, and by always sticking to his principals.          A Man for All Seasons by Robert Bolt, deals with a famous man suffers death rather that swearing on an oath which ran against the dictates of his conscience. He is a man of fetch up integrity and strength. More has an extremely brave mind, loyalty for his king, and a love of his religion. He is a man of strong faith and deep trust in himself when dealing with one of the difficult many situations he is placed in. One of the biggest political issues dealt with King Henry the 8th is that he needed a son. after(prenominal) nearly twenty years of marriage to Queen Catherine, Henry never got a son and therefore, had a divorce. Unfortunately, a papal dispensation was necessary. This dispensation is not easily obtained peculiarly since Catherine the wife of Henrys older brother who had died. Therefore the marriage had never been valid and the request for a second dispensation is refused. This is the time when Henry had asked More for his approval but More does not agree with the situation because it is against the law and his moral beliefs. As a consequence, more is sent to jail because these beliefs go against Henry orders. More is pressure d by many people in this play but always tries his best to keep his beliefs and principles which makes him a Man for All Seasons.         Thomas More deals with a look at of pressures and stress that come from his family and friends.

Biology Notes regarding Cells and Related topics :: Biology Study Tests

1. The ability of ice to float because of the expansion of water as it solidifies is an important factor in the physical fitness of the environment. If ice sank, then eventually all ponds, lakes, and even oceans would freeze solid, making life as we know it impossible on earth. During the summer, only the upper a few(prenominal) inches of the ocean would thaw. Instead, when a deep body of water cools, the floating ice insulates the liquid water below, preventing it from freezing and allowing life to exist under the frozen surface.2. vitamin C atoms are the most versatile twist blocks of molecules. A covalent bonding capacity of quartet contributes to carbons ability to form diverse molecules. ampere-second can bond to a variety of atoms, including oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Carbon atoms can also bond to other carbons, forming the carbon skeletons of organic compounds.3. Most macromolecules are polymers. Carbohydrates, lipids proteins, and nucleic acids are the fou r major classes of organic compounds in cells. Some of these compounds are very large and are called macromolecules. Most macromolecules are polymers, chains of identical or similar building blocks called monomers. Monomers form larger molecules by condensation reactions in which water molecules are released, dehydration. Polymers can disassemble by the reverse process, hydrolysis.4. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. They are used flat for fuel, converted to other types of organic molecules, or used as monomers for polymers. Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides connected by a glycosidic linkage. Fats are constructed by joining a glycerol molecule to three fatty acids by dehydration reactions. Saturated fatty acids stick the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds between their carbons. The primary social system of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids. Secondary structure is the folding or coiling of the polypeptide into repeating configurations, such as the a helix and the pleated sheet, which result from hydrogen bonding between parts of the polypeptide backbone. Tertiary structure is the overall multidimensional shape of a polypeptide and results from interactions between amino acid side chains. Proteins made of more than one polypeptide chain have a quaternary level of structure. The structure and function of a protein are sensitive to physical and chemical conditions. Protein shape is ultimately determined by its primary structure, but in the cell chaperone proteins may help the folding process. Each nucleotide monomer consists of a pentose covalently bonded to a phosphate group and to one of four different nitrogenous bases.

Biology Notes regarding Cells and Related topics :: Biology Study Tests

1. The ability of ice to float because of the expansion of water as it solidifies is an important factor in the fitness of the environment. If ice sank, accordingly eventually all ponds, lakes, and even oceans would freeze solid, making life as we know it impossible on earth. During the summer, only the upper few inches of the ocean would thaw. Instead, when a deep body of water cools, the floating ice insulates the liquid water below, preventing it from freezing and allowing life to exist under the frozen surface.2. Carbon atoms are the virtually versatile building blocks of blood corpuscles. A covalent marrying capacity of four contributes to carbons ability to form diverse molecules. Carbon can bond to a variety of atoms, including oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Carbon atoms can also bond to otherwise carbons, forming the carbon skeletons of constituent(a) compounds.3. Most macromolecules are polymers. Carbohydrates, lipids proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major classes of organic compounds in cells. Some of these compounds are very large and are called macromolecules. Most macromolecules are polymers, chains of identical or similar building blocks called monomers. Monomers form bigger molecules by condensation reactions in which water molecules are released, dehydration. Polymers can disassemble by the reverse process, hydrolysis.4. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. They are used directly for fuel, converted to other types of organic molecules, or used as monomers for polymers. Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides connected by a glycosidic linkage. Fats are constructed by joining a glycerol molecule to three fatty acids by dehydration reactions. Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds between their carbons. The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids. Secondary structure is the folding or coiling of the po lypeptide into repetition configurations, such as the a helix and the pleated sheet, which result from hydrogen bonding between parts of the polypeptide backbone. Tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide and results from interactions between amino acid side chains. Proteins made of more than one polypeptide chain have a quaternary level of structure. The structure and function of a protein are sensitive to physical and chemical conditions. Protein shape is ultimately determined by its primary structure, but in the cell chaperone proteins may jockstrap the folding process. Each nucleotide monomer consists of a pentose covalently bonded to a phosphate group and to one of four different nitrogenous bases.

Value Added Tax of the Philippines

Value-Added Tax is a form of sales revenue. It is a revenue enhancement on consumption levied on the sale, barter, ex revision or downstairstake of goods or properties and serve in the Philippines and on moment of goods into the Philippines. It is an indirect tax, which may be shifted or passed on to the buyer, transferee or lessee of goods, properties or run. 1. What is a bath registered individual? Any person or entity who, in the course of his pile or business, sells, barters, exchanges, leases goods or properties and renders go subject to VAT, if the aggregate amount of spotual gross sales or receipts exceed champion meg Five ampere-second guanine Pesos (P1,500,000. 00). * A person required to register as VAT taxpayer but failed to register * Any person, whether or not made in the course of his trade or business, who im fashions goods 2. What ar the steps and requirements of the NIRC? First, an individual must fill-up BIR Form No. 2550 M(Monthly Value-Added Tax De claration) in triplicate copies (two copies for the BIR and ane copy for the taxpayer) * If there is payment 1. read the Monthly VAT declaration, together with the required attachments, and pay the VAT due thereon with some(prenominal) Authorized Agent Bank (AAB) down the stairs the jurisdiction of the tax income District Office (RDO)/Large Taxpayers District Office (LTDO) where the taxpayer (head office of the business establishment) is registered or required to be registered. 2.The taxpayer must accomplish and submit BIR-prescribed deposit slip, which the cant teller shall machine validate as evidence that payment was received by the AAB. The AAB receiving the tax return shall stamp mark the word Received on the return and machine validate the return as proof of filing the return and payment of the tax. 3. In places where there argon no duly recognise get on withnt banks, file the Monthly VAT declaration, together with the required attachments and pay the VAT due with the Revenue prayer Officer (RCO) or duly accepted Treasurer of theMunicipality where such(prenominal) taxpayer (head office of the business establishment) is registered or required to be registered. 4. The RCO or duly true Municipal/City Treasurer shall issue a Revenue Official Receipt upon payment of the tax. * If there is no payment File the Monthly VAT Declaration, together with the required attachments with the RDO/LTDO/Large Taxpayers Assistance Division, Collection Agent or duly authorized Municipal/ City Treasurer of Municipality/City where the taxpayer (head office of the business establishment) is registered or required to be registered. The Documentary Requirements are 1. Duly issued Certificate of Creditable VAT Withheld at line (BIR Form No. 2307), if applicable 2. Summary Alphalist of Withholding Agents of Income Payments Subjected to Withholding Tax At Source (SAWT), if applicable 3. Duly approved Tax Debit Memo, if applicable 4. Duly approved Tax Credit Certificate, i f applicable 5. Authorization letter, if return is filed by authorized representative. 3. What are the items subject to 12% VAT? barter, barter, exchange or lease of goods or properties and services in the Philippines and on importation of goods into the Philippines, which are not considered as exculpateed or zero-rated, are subject to 12% VAT. 4. What are the exempt transactions? VAT-exempt sale is a sale of goods, properties or service and the habituate or lease of properties which is not subject to output tax and whereby the buyer is not allowed any tax credit or input tax related to such exempt sale. The VAT-exempt sale includes A.Sale or importation of agricultural and maritime food products in their original call down, livestock and poultry of a kind generally apply as, or yielding or producing foods for human consumption and breeding stock and genetic materials therefore B. Sale or importation of fertilizers seeds, seedlings and fingerlings fish, prawn, livestock and po ultry feeds, including ingredients, whether locally produced or imported, used in the manufacture of finished feeds (except specialty feeds for race horses, fighting cocks, aquarium fish, zoo animals nd opposite animals considered as pets) C. signification of personal and plate effects belonging to residents of the Philippines returning from abroad and non-resident citizens coming to resettle in the Philippines Provided, that such goods are exempt from custom duties under(a) the Tariff and Customs write in code of the Philippines D.Importation of professional instruments and implements, wearing apparel, domestic animals, and personal household effects (except any vehicle, vessel, aircraft, machinery and other goods for use in the manufacture and merchandise of any kind in commercial quantity) belonging to persons coming to settle in the Philippines, for their own use and not for sale, barter or exchange, accompanying such persons, or arriving within 90 (90) days before or af terwards their arrival, upon the production of evidence satisfactory to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, that such persons are actually coming to settle in the Philippines and that the change of residence is bonafide E. Services subject to percentageage tax under Title V of the Code, as amended F. Services by agricultural contract growers and mill about for others of palay into rice, corn into grits, and sugar cane into raw sugar G. Medical, dental, hospital and veterinary services except those rendered by professionals H.Educational services rendered by private educational institutions duly accredited by the Department of Education (DepED), the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) and those rendered by the government educational institutions I. Services rendered by individuals pursuant to an employer-employee relationship J. Services rendered by regional or area headquarters established in the Philippines by multinational corporations which act as supervisory, communications and coordinating centers for their affiliates, subsidiaries or branches in the Asia-Pacific Region and do not earn or derive income from the Philippines K. Transactions which are exempt under international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory or under special laws except those granted under P. D. No. 529 Petroleum Exploration Concessionaires under the Petroleum movement of 1949 L. sales by agricultural cooperatives duly registered and in good standing with the Cooperative Development Authority (CDA) to their members, as well as of their produce, whether in its original state or processed form, to non-members, their importation of direct farm inputs, machineries and equipment, including spare parts thereof, to be used directly and exclusively in the production and/or affect of their produce M. Gross receipts from lending activities by credit or multi-purpose cooperatives duly registered and in goo d standing with the Cooperative Development Authority N. Sales by non-agricultural, non-electric and non-credit cooperatives duly registered with and in good standing with CDA Provided, that the share not bad(p) contribution of each member does not exceed Fifteen Thousand Pesos (P15,000. 00) and no matter of the aggregate capital and net surplus ratably distributed among the members O.Export sales by persons who are not VAT-registered P. The following sales of real properties are exempt from VAT, namely * Sale of real properties not primarily held for sale to customers or held for lease in the ordinary course of trade or business * Sale of real properties apply for low-cost housing as defined by RA No. 7279, otherwise know as the Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 and other related laws, such as RA No. 7835 and RA No. 8763 * Sale of real properties utilized for specialized housing as defined under RA No. 7279, and other related laws, such as RA No. 7835 and RA No. 8763, w herein price ceiling per unit of measurement is P225,000. 0 or as may from time to time be determined by the HUDCC and the NEDA and other related laws * Sale of residential lot valued at One Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P1,500,000. 00) and below, or house and lot and other residential dwellings valued at Two Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P2,500,000. 00) and below where the instrument of sale/ transfer/ disposition was executed on or after July 1, 2005 Provided, that not later than January 31, 2009 and every three (3) days thereafter, the amounts stated herein shall be adjusted to its present value using the Consumer Price Index, as published by the National Statistics Office (NSO) Provided, further, that such tolerance shall be published through revenue regulations to be issued not later than March 31 of each year. Q.Lease of residential units with a monthly rental per unit not exceeding Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000. 00), regardless of the amount of aggregate rental s received by the lessor during the year Provided, that not later than January 31, 2009 and every three (3) eld thereafter, the amount of P10,000. 00 shall be adjusted to its present value using the Consumer Price Index, as published by the NSO R. Sale, importation, printing or publication of books and any newspaper, magazine, canvass or bulletin which appears at regular intervals with fixed prices for subscription and sale and which is not devoted principally to the publication of paid advertisements S.Sale, importation or lease of passenger or lode vessels and aircraft, including engine equipment and spare parts thereof for domestic or international entrance operations Provided, that the exemption from VAT on the importation and local purchase of passenger and/or cargo vessels shall be limited to those of one hundred fifty (cl) tons and above, including engine and spare parts of express vessels Provided, further, that the vessels to be imported shall comply with the age limi t requirement, at the time of acquisition counted from the date of the vessels original commissioning, as follows (a) for passenger and/or cargo vessel, the age limit is fifteen (15) years old, (b) for tankers, the age limit is ten (10) year old, and (c) for high-speed passengers crafts, the age limit is five (5) years old Provided, finally, that exemption shall be subject to the provisions of Section 4 of Republic Act No. 9295, otherwise known as The Domestic Shipping Development Act of 2004 T. Importation of life-saving equipment, safety and rescue equipment and communication and navigational safety equipment, steel plates and other metal plates including marine-grade aluminum plates, used for shipping transport operations Provided, that the exemption shall be subject to the provisions of Section 4 of Republic Act No. 9295, otherwise known as The Domestic Shipping Development Act of 2004. U.Importation of capital equipment, machinery, spare parts, life-saving and navigational equi pment, steel plates and other metal plates including marine-grade aluminum plates to be used in the construction, repair, renovation or alteration of any merchant marine vessel operated or to be operated in the domestic trade. Provided, that the exemption shall be subject to the provisions of Section 19 of Republic Act No. 9295, otherwise known as the The Domestic Shipping Development Act of 2004. V. Importation of fuel, goods and supplies occupied in international shipping or air transport operations Provided, that the state fuel, goods and supplies shall be used exclusively or shall pertain to the transport of goods and/or passenger from a port in the Philippines directly to a contradictory port, or ice-versa, without docking facility or stopping at any other port in the Philippines unless the docking or stopping at any other Philippine port is for the purpose of unloading passengers and/or cargoes that originated from abroad, or to load passengers and/or cargoes bound for abroa d Provided, further, that if any portion of such fuel, goods or supplies is used for purposes other than the mentioned in the paragraph, such portion of fuel, goods and supplies shall be subject to 12% VAT W. Services of banks, non-bank financial intermediaries performing quasi-banking functions, and other non-bank financial intermediaries, such as money changers and pawnshops, subject to percentage tax under Sections 121 and 122, respectively of the Tax Code and X. Sale or lease of goods or properties or the performance of services other than the transactions mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, the gross annual sales and/or receipts do not exceed the amount of One Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P1,500,000. 00). Provided, that not later than January 31, 2009 and every three (3) years thereafter, the amount of P1,500,000. 0 shall be adjusted to its present value after using the Consumer Price Index, as published by the NSO. 5. What is the zero-rated? Zero-rated sale is a sal e, barter or exchange of goods, properties and/or services subject to 0% VAT pursuant to Sections 106 (A) (2) and 108 (B) of the Tax Code. It is a taxable transaction for VAT purposes, but shall not result in any output tax. However, the input tax on purchases of goods, properties or services, related to such zero-rated sales, shall be available as tax credit or refund in conformance with RR No. 16-2005. * The following services performed in the Philippines by VAT-registered person shall be subject to zero percent (0%) rate A.Processing, manufacturing or repacking goods for other persons doing business outside the Philippines which goods are subsequently exported where the services are paid for in acceptable foreign currency and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) B. Services other than processing, manufacturing or repacking rendered to a person engaged in business conducted outside the Philippines or to a non-resident person engaged in business who is outside the Philippines when the services are performed, the consideration for which is paid for in acceptable foreign currency and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) C.Services rendered to persons or entities whose exemption under special laws or international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory effectively subjects the supply of such services to zero percent (0%) rate D. Services rendered to persons engaged in international shipping or air transport operations, including leases of plaza for use thereof Provided, however, that the services referred to herein shall not pertain to those made to common carriers by air and ocean relative to their transport of passengers, goods or cargoes from one place in the Philippines to another place in the Philippines, the same being subject to xii percent (12%) VAT under Sec. 08 of the Tax Code starting Feb. 1, 2006 E. Services p erformed by subcontractors and/or contractors in processing, converting, or manufacturing goods for an enterprise whose export sales exceeds 70 percent (70%) of total annual production F. Transport of passengers and cargo by domestic air or sea carriers from the Philippines to a foreign country. Gross receipts of international air carriers doing business in the Philippines and international sea carriers doing business in the Philippines are still liable to a percentage tax of three percent (3%) based on their gross receipts as provided for in Sec. 118 of the Tax Code but shall not be liable to VAT and G.Sale of power or fuel generated through renewable sources of energy such as, but not limited to, biomass, solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal and steam, ocean energy, and other shipping sources using technologies such as fuel cells and hydrogen fuels Provided, however that zero-rating shall apply rigorously to the sale of power or fuel generated through renewable sources of energy, and shall not extend to the sale of services related to the maintenance or operation of plants generating give tongue to power . * The following sales by VAT-registered persons shall be subject to zero percent (0%) rate A. Export sales B. The sale and actual shipment of goods from the Philippines to a foreign country, irrespective of any shipping arrangement that may be agreed upon which may influence or determine the transfer of ownership of the goods so exported, paid in acceptable foreign currency or its equivalent in goods or services, and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) C.The sale of raw materials or packaging materials to a non-resident buyer for delivery to as resident local export-oriented enterprise to be used in manufacturing, processing, packing or repacking in the Philippines of the said buyers goods, paid for in acceptable foreign currency, and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the BSP D. The sale of raw materials or packaging materials to an export-oriented enterprise whose export sales exceed seventy percent (70%) of total annual production E. Sale of gold to the BSP F. Transactions considered export sales under Executive Order No. 226, otherwise known as the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987, and other special laws and G.The sale of goods, supplies, equipment and fuel to persons engaged in international shipping or international air transport operations Provided, that the same is limited to goods, supplies, equipment and fuel pertaining to or attributable to the transport of goods and passengers from a port in the Philippines directly to a foreign port, or vice-versa without docking or stopping at any other port in the Philippines unless the docking or stopping at any other Philippine port is for the purpose of unloading passengers and/or cargoes that originated from abroad, or to load passengers and/or cargoes bound for abroad Provided, further, tha t if any portion of such fuel, goods or supplies is used for purposes other than the mentioned in this paragraph, such portion of fuel, goods and supplies shall be subject to twelve percent (12%) output VAT. H. Foreign Currency Denominated Sales I. The sale to a non-resident of goods, except those mentioned in Sections 149 and 150 of the Tax Code, assembled or manufactured in the Philippines for delivery to a resident in the Philippines, paid for in acceptable foreign currency and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the BSP. J. Sales to Persons or Entities Deemed Tax-exempt under Special Law or International Agreement K.Sale of goods or property to persons or entities who are tax-exempt under special laws or international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory, such as, Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), etc. 6. What is the difference surrounded by exempt and zero-rated? * Exempted transactions are not s ubject to output tax and whereby the buyer is not allowed any tax credit or input tax related to such exempt sale however, Zero-rated transactions, subject to 0% VAT, are taxable transactions for VAT purposes, but shall not result in any output tax. Zero-rated transactions shall be available as tax credit or refund. 7. How do you compute the VAT? On sale of goods and properties twelve percent (12%) of the gross selling price or gross value in money of the goods or properties sold, bartered or exchanged * On sale of services and use or lease of properties twelve percent (12%) of gross receipts derived from the sale or exchange of services, including the use or lease of properties * On importation of goods twelve percent (12%) based on the total value used by the Bureau of Customs in determining tariff and customs duty duties, plus customs duties, excise taxes, if any, and other charges, such as tax to be paid by the importer prior to the release of such goods from customs custody provided, that where the customs duties are determined on the basis of quantity or volume of the goods, the VAT shall be based on the landed cost plus excise taxes, if any. * On export sales and other zero-rated sales 0% 8. When is the deadline for filing the Value Added Tax return? * Monthly VAT Declarations shall be filed not later than the twentieth day following the end of each month. Quarterly Value-Added Tax Return within twenty five (25) days following the close of taxable quarter. part http//www. bir. gov. ph/taxinfo/tax_vat. htm

IP Addressing

When designing the data closet should be located in a non-centralized location yet still have easy access for services and upgrades or repairs. I would consider using a class b network set up which would easily allow 145 physical exertionrs, computers or equipment to connect but still provide additional addresses and networks as the company expands within the next two years. As for IP address I would consider static IP address for all local computers and equipment within the company such as printers, routers user computers etc.This allow be easier to use and less expensive. With over 16,000 networks and 65,000 host address available there will be plenty of room for the company to grow. I would as well as consider having a wireless network using dynamic ip addresses leasing addresses to the users devices to allow users to connect there wireless devices to the network. All the systems we use today can work well with DHCP so it shouldnt be a problem. Also you should consider having multiple domain and DHCP servers to provide load balancing, competency and safety in case of server failure.DHCP should be used whenever possible DHCP is easier because there is usually not a need to manually assign and continue IP addresses across a number of devices where a specific IP is not necessary, and use reservations for the static devices like Printers and A/Ps. And use static addresses for Servers. For instance when recovering from a full power outage DHCP WILL be the LAST service to start. So if all servers/printers were DHCP youd spend a day rebooting/console-login and getting a valid IP users can do that for themselves. These are just some of the considerations that can be taken into account when creating a small business network.

Latinos in America

What is an American? This is a difficult head word to address, especially concerning Latinos who only speak English. Many Latinos in the United States, consider language a point of high controversy. Some consider speech spanish an essential part of being Latino , while others consider it a barrier that allow pr howevert the assimilation into the American assimilation. Tanya Barrientos, like many other Latinos, wrestled with this very issue her entire life. Growing up as a Latina came with many stereotypes, speaking Spanish being one of the most detrimental characteristics for Barrientos.As monastic order changed its views and learned to accept this diversity in language, Barrientos learned to embrace her heritage. The true question lies within her reasoning for this change in her perception, but was it for the right reasons? What makes this country great is that you can be both A Spanish speaking Hispanic that is uprighty emerged in American society. Being American is non ab out the language you speak but about your ideals and how they fit in the American itinerary of life. Many Americans dont realize that the choice in language is non determined by the individual but lies in the choice parents or caregivers.This choice is one that will haunt individuals for the rest of their lives. In Barrientos case, her parents decided it would be best for her to only speak English. As Barrientos grew up, she embraced her parents choice, saw this as a positive trait, one that differentiated her from most Latinas. She enjoyed defying expectations. Since childhood, she felt that speaking Spanish translated to been poor, holding less desirable jobs and discrimination towards the Latino community.It is because of this that she enjoyed attending a world school that attracted few Latinos, she wanted to distance herself from the rest. In her opinion, non speaking Spanish gave her an edge over other Latinos and allowed her to successfully fit into the American Anglo soci ety. In her own words, it made her feel superior and American. Society pushed her to want to stay a means from her heritage and embrace the melting pot as a full fledge citizen. Prejudice or stereotypes should not affect the way you feel about your ulture or background. If society is going to view you in a nix way because the way you look or where you come from, they will do so regardless of what you do. This should make you embrace your heritage and take pride in what makes you unique. This is especially true when it pertains to language, which is something that cannot be perceive by looking at a person. In Barrientos case it did not make sense to refuse a language when society would already perceive the stereotype due to ethnicity.In her situation, not speaking Spanish made her feel like as if society did not view her as a Latina, when clearly by the comments from school staff and most likely other untold accounts, it didnt make a difference. To others who did not know her, she w as still a Latina, no different than the rest who were Spanish speaking. She had very little sympathy or affection for other latinos and held many negative views of her own culture. She tried to differentiate herself from the Latino community as much as possible, and succeeded.In a way she had become what she was avoiding, holding prejudice and acquired a feeling of superiority towards Spanish speaking Latinos. Barrientos was concerned about blending in with society, this meant being seen as white. In her mind white meant American, you could not be American if you spoke Spanish. As she puts it Spanish associated you with the radical thinking of Mexican-Americans or Afro-Americans. While emerging yourself in the society you live in is positive, refusing/denying your culture is not the best way to do it.She pushed her culture away because it did not have anything positive to give her, it would only bring her problems and misfortune. Barrientos did not care to even be considered Latina . That is what a selfish, insecure individual would do. It wasnt until society view about Latinos and Spanish changed, that she started relating her culture to something positive. Once the realization that being Latino and speaking Spanish was not a negative but a positive, she began to change. In her own words it was time to take pride, but as she puts it, it felt fake, because in a way it was.It wasnt until she had something to gain, that she wanted to fit in. It seems that is the overall theme of her life, always trying to fit in, but only when its most convenient for her. This pose will neer truly allow her to belong. Even after trying to learn Spanish, other Latinos notice that she was different. Her entire life she worked on putting up walls between her and the Latino community. She outcasted herself for so long and then found it very difficult to connect with her own community. I suspect it was not just the language but her attitude and demeanor as well.In a society as comp lex as the one in the United States, it is important to realize that you can never fit in with the entire population. If you try to conform to what others want, you lose a part of your individualism. It is also important that in the process of assimilating you do not end up alienating others in your same situation. At the end of the day, you can not change the preconceived notions that come with belonging to a particularized ethnic group, but you can choose to embrace your culture and enjoy that part of your life while still emerging in the American way of life.

Chinese Attitudes Toward Nature, Time, Good and Evil Essay

As for the attitude of Chinese tidy sum toward nature, it is undisputed that it is marked by a iron equivalent feeling of harmony, for example, oneness of nature and man. According to Dong Zhongshu, who was the most important philosopher of the Western Han, nirvana had its go forth and purpose. It was Heaven that made the sun, the moon, and the stars move, the quaternion seasons wobble, and all animals and plants rebel and die. Heaven was kindhearted, so it made things produce one an otherwise Heaven was also severe, so it made things over have a go at it one another. Moreover, Heaven created a normal to rule over the people. This retrievet that Heaven wanted the people to be ruled.When a ruler did something wrong, Heaven would be angry and would give the ruler warnings by do strange natural phenomena to happen, such as eclipses, earthquakes, floods and droughts. This theorythe interaction among Heaven and manhad a clear purpose. On the one hand, it was intended to direct that the rulers position and power were given to him by Heaven, and should not be questioned on the other hand, the ruler should be virtuous and benevolent, and govern well, so as not to incur Heavens anger. Dong had a well-known saying The Way is great because it originates in Heaven. Heaven does not change nor does the Way. I would like to explain the idea clearly by an example. That is Feng Shui. Feng Shui (also known as geomancy) is an ancient Chinese form of aesthetics believed to use the laws of both Heaven (astronomy) and Earth (geography) to help one improve life by receiving positive qi. Maybe many people think it is superstition, but I consider it post reflect the pursuit of harmonious life of Chinese people. There are four purposes in Feng Shui, seeking the harmony of military personnel body the harmony between people and people the harmony between people and society the harmony between people and nature.Let me give a small example somewhat placing a hind end. The be d shall be slightly higher than the knee and not near the door. And it shall impudence to the south and back to the north in order to even up duxhlt, the aorta and large veins direction of the blood circulatory system, so that people can fall a sleep easily, and have a high quality sleep. The bed cant facet the west, because the rotation of the earth is from east to west, making the blood rush toward the head, and people cant sleep soundly.Beam presses which mean air conditioners hang above the pillow, or the lights suspend above the bed, bring about oppression, and cause adverse effect of body and mind. Mirrors cant face the bed, if not people may be startled easily in midnight, and cant be peace. It really can express the attitude toward nature, sexual union of heaven and humanity. As for the attitude of Chinese people toward measure, three features go out be mentioned about. The first is round- type while outlook. In the oriental world, farming is the major(ip) way of carry ing out material and exchanging dears dominates all the economic life of the whole society.This pastoral civilization treats human and the nature as interrelated and interacted,the world as an integer organically linked. So in oriental society the round-type time outlook is that nature and human is integrate. This kind of time outlook h sexagenarians the pull in that time is like a circle and all the things in the world return to its origina1 state after a cycle of time, for example, the alternation of day and night, the come and go of the four seasons,the turning of the twelve months, the increase of the age and the growing of plants.This kind of time view makes the Orientals handle the time at their disposal and do things at ease. For instance, when a teacher has not finished an important point in his class,he can prolong his class. At the Chinese wedding feast, few people will come at the time which is written on the invitation card. Moreover, Chinese use time very casually and intangibly. Chinese prefer to say some uncertain address 1ike at once, sometimes, a short while, which a1ways confuse the westerners.Chinese students who are studying English tend to misuse the tense when perish with foreigners. In a word, Chinese dont have clear differentiation concept of time. The second is polychromic time system. Polychromic time system means people are very casual in using time. In other words, being punctual is important, but not strict. Polychromic time system is the heritage of traditional agricultural society. People are used to do severa1 different things at the alike(p) time and do things emphasizing run aground time.Chinese think that everything in the world develops with the cycling of time, so people catch the time that is ripe for acting, which means each step of our action is resolved temporarily by our surroundings. So action is poorly planned by Chinese. In some occasions, people can do many things in the same time. A Chinese salesman can che ck out with the first customer on the one hand,and show the goods to a second one on the other hand, even greet a three One at the same time. However, westerners can hardly accomplish them and also can not accept them. The third is past time orientation.Time orientation is a relatively stable accompanimentor in cultural difference. It is connected to the historical background of the. Generally speaking, people who have too heavy tradition, look up to history and past, so their time orientation is past-oriented. Chinese belong to past-oriented. People show great obeisance to the past. The past experience and 1esson are important reference for todays success and failure. Chinese show respect to ancestors and teachers. They like to say things by referencing to the old books and stories. That is why Chinese call teachers lao shi. lao means old.People attach importance to age and experience, because they are symbols of power and wisdom, so words like lao and da always mean respect in Chinese. As for the attitude of Chinese people toward good and monstrous, perhaps the most extreme view of duty is found in the Buddhist tradition. Buddhism maintains that we are born pure and are closest to what is called loving kindness when we enter this world. Hence, people are good, and our polish is what makes us evil. The view of goodness is also found in Confucianism. Meng Zi made the original goodness of human nature the keynote to his system.To him, the virtue of humanity unneurotic with the accompanying virtues of righteousness, rites and wisdom arises from the inner springs of the human heart. These four cardinal virtues come in their seed formthe four beginnings, as the feeling of compassion, shame, modesty, and of the distinction between right and wrong. Such feelings are universal among mankind and they come as naturally ad taste for food, and sight for beauty. This, Meng Zi argued, can be seen in the fact that a child naturally loves his parents and that a man wi ll instinctively experience a feeling into a well.Therefore, human nature is originally good, and will be good if it is guided by its innate feelings, just as water is inclined to flow downward. In contrast to the concept of the goodness of human nature advocated by Meng Zi, Xun Zi declared that human nature is originally evil because human desires inevitably lead to greed and strife if left untrained. Believing that goodness can moreover be acquired, Xun Zi stressed the value of education and environment. To him it is environment and authority that make the man, and it is obedience of the precepts of the sage-kings that produces the goodness that is in him.In the end, however, not only is the life of virtue a possibility but even sage-hood is within reach. Therefore, Xun Zi said, Every man on the street can become like the sage-king Yu, a perfect orthodox Confucian note. What mentioned about are viewpoints from the ancients. Nowadays Chinese attitudes toward good and evil are very wide and vague, not like Christianity which has a ten commandments, making the general public even those without much cultural literacy has some certain standards, ruling what can do and can not do, their attitudes toward good and evil are absolutely clear.But to Chinese, nothing must been done and nothing can not be done. The boundary between good and evil is obscure, in some condition something is good but in other condition it may be bad. To Chinese the boundary is always about degree, whether it is prodigal or not. For example, talking between Chinese friends sometimes contains abusive language, but it doesnt mean they hate each other, most of time, it is just joking. That behavior is not really evil, but if it is overdone, it will be.Chinese Peoples attitude toward nature, time, good and evil have been formed gradually, and they are relatively stable in a long time, but they are not without changes. The better living conditions, the development of the economy, the improvement of the society and the increase of the interaction of people from different cu1tural backgrounds will undoubtedly have subtle effects on their views, although it is also a long process. What I talking about is some basic attitude of Chinese, it will help foreigner to understand Chinese better, but not always apply to every Chinese at every time.

Clostridium Difficile (C.diff)

Clostridium Difficle is a nosocomial infection acquired roughlyly in hospitals. In 2005 it was consider the most precarious infection to bombard North Ameri tail end in a decade. Armed with knowledge about the infection, transmission, environmental factors, alternative treatments, prevention and ways to fake C. diff healthcare workers can better be prepared to help fight the spread of this deadly infection. A C. Diff, its transmission and environmental factors C. diff is a gram positive, anaerobic, spore forming bacteria.It colonizes the enteral tract of those infected after normal intestinal flora has been disrupted by antibiotic therapy. Diagnosis of C. diff is based on clinical symptoms supported by endoscopic finding or stool testing for the presence of the pathogens or toxins. Patients that has taken antibiotics within the past 3 months or a patient that has licentiousness 72 hours after hospitalization should be tested. ELISA is the test used to diagnosis C. diff. It checks for the toxin A or B or both. C. diff incubation period is 1 to 2 weeks.Asymptomatic carriage can range from severe play, pseudo membranous colitis, toxic mega colon, intestinal perforation, and death from secondary sepsis. C. diff toxin founded in stool ranges from 1% to 2% in normal population to 10% in hospital inpatients and up to 85% to 90% in patients with proven AAPMC. Some risk factors for C. diff includes cosmos over the age of 65, patients who are immunocompromised, gastrointestinal surgery and procedures, gastrointestinal stimulants, antiperistaltic drugs and proton pump inhibitors.The transmission of C. diff can be communicable by another patient. The transmission can be via commodes, thermometers, bedside tables, floors, and other objects in rooms used by a patient with C. diff. It can also be transmitted from the hands of healthcare workers. Thats why its important for healthcare workers to use proper hand hygiene techqines. Healthcare workers must wash hands with soap and water be get sterile hand santaniers doesnt destroy C. diff. Environmental factors also play a huge part in the transmission of C. diff.Healthcare professions should know the proper environmental disinfectants to use. House cumbering staff should ensure proper cleaning and disinfection of equipment and the environment. Patients rooms should be properly cleaned at least once a twenty-four hours with proper equipment for isolation rooms. In order to stop the transmission of C. diff all departments must work together to secure that C. diff transmission isnt constantly transmitted to other patients. Treatments C. diff will usually clear in 20% to 25% of patients with mild infection and the discontinuation of precipitating antibiotic.When patients have moderate to severe diarrhea or colitis oral metronidazole is a treatment used for 10-14 days at a total of three times a day. metronidazole achievement rate is usually 95% effective. vancomycin is also used for 10-14 days at a t otal of four times a day. Vancomycin sometimes promote emergence of VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci). If a patient develops fulminant colitis admittance to ICU is necessary and an emergency colectomy is performed because of severe ileus or impend perforation. Mortality rate is 30% to 80% if surgery is performed.Prevention. Prevention of C. diff starts with avoiding the use of antibiotics that are associated with high rates of C. diff. Healthcare staff, housekeeping, dietary, and maintenance should be informed on the transmission and precautions of C. diff. When C. diff is suspected or verified patient should be place in isolation. The proper precautions should be placed on the door of the resident and visitors should be directed to nursing station before admittance into the room of a person with C. diff. Healthcare workers should drape with gowns and gloves for all contact to prevent the spreading of C. iff. neat handing washing should be done with hand soap and water becaus e sanitizer with alcohol doesnt help in the fight against C. diff. Patient care equipment should remain in the room throughout isolation. Patient rooms and equipment should be cleaned with bleach, alkaline gluteraldehyde, or ethylene oxide. Always remember never to mix different solutions because this can cause toxic vapors. All rooms should be terminal cleaned once patient is discharged to prevent further spreading of C. diff.Health Promotion and Wellness Strategy. The midway for Disease Control and Prevention has tool kits for healthcare professional. CDC offers up-to-date information, recommended infection control measures, and tools for outbreak response coordination and reporting. CDC also has resources on how to implement and improve antibiotic stewardship efforts. To sum it up all educating healthcare professional on how to stop the transmission and prevention of C. diff can help stop the spreading of C. diff. Learning how to keep yourself as well as the patients free from C . diff can be controlled if everyone works together.

Ccea as Biology Coursework: an Investigation to Measure

An investigation to measure the percentage light transmission, using a colorimeter, through a solution, from pH 2 pH 9, in which gelatine cubes were immersed all over a 24 minute period Interpretation Written Communication of the Data C1 Pepsin is an enzyme that works in the stomach and has an optimal pH surrounded by pH 1 and 4 or in acidic conditions. From our graph it can be seen that that the dispiritedest mean percentage light transmission for pepsin is when the buffer store has a pH of 2. Trypsin is an enzyme that works in the small in seeine and has an optimum pH between pH 7 and 8 or in immaterial conditions.From our graph it can be seen that the lowest mean percentage light transmission for trypsin is when the buffer has a pH of 8. C2 and C3 As the pH of the pepsin buffer increases from pH 2 to pH 9 so too does the percentage light transmission through the buffer solution subsequently a 24 arcminute period. Although when the trypsin buffer has a pH between pH 2 and 8 the percentage light transmission through the buffer solution after a 24 hour period decreases, but from pH 8 to pH 9 the percentage light transmission through the buffer solution after a 24 hour period increases. At a low pH (pH 2) the inwardness of gelatine broken down by the pepsin is high.We can regularize this as this is when in that location is a low mean percentage light transmission (16. 86%) because a lot of likeness of the change integrity will reveal in the solution causing the colour to be deeper. But at a higher pH (pH 9) the amount of gelatine broken down by the pepsin is low. We can tell this as this as there is a low mean percentage light transmission is high (34. 14%) because a infinitesimal colour of the jelly will leak in the solution causing the colour to be lighter. At a low pH (pH 2) the amount of gelatine broken down by the trypsin is low so this path there is a high mean percentage light transmission (41. 5%) because a little colour of the jelly wil l leak in the solution causing the colour to be lighter. At a high pH (pH9) the amount of gelatine broken down by the trypsin is high so this means that there is a low mean percentage light transmission (29%) because a lot of colour of the jelly will leak in the solution causing the colour to be deeper. C4 and C5 An enzyme is a biological catalyst which speeds up a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a permanent change. Most enzymes are globular proteins and contain active sites. The active site is the part of the enzyme which combines with the substratum.Enzymes are specific which means that one enzyme will work on one substrate. All enzymes work best at a particular pH, their optimum pH. The proteins structure of the enzyme is altered in a much alkaline or acidic solution than the specific optimum pH. When an enzyme structure is altered it cannot fit successfully with the substrate. Activity is therefore expressage to a few enzyme molecules that are still unaltered or may totally stop. The protein digesting enzymes, pepsin and trypsin, will hydrolyse the substrate, gelatine. This substrate is a major component of jelly.When a coloured jelly, such as raspberry, is exposed to a protein digesting enzyme, the colour is released into the solution as the gelatine is broken down. The intensity of the colouring released into the buffer can be estimated with a colorimeter. Trypsin is often found naturally in neutral or slightly alkaline conditions. Therefore the most enzyme activity and most colour is released from the jelly would be judge at a pH 7 or 8 and in solutions above or below this pH there would be less colour released. Pepsin is often found naturally in very acidic conditions.Therefore the most enzyme activity and most colour is released from the jelly would be expected at a pH 1 or 2 and in solutions above or below this pH there would be less colour released. Evaluation D1 I con cheekr my results to be appropriate in meeting the aims of the inve stigation because we used a colorimeter. This measures the percentage light transmission as a numerical value. It is more appropriate than measuring the light intensity by eye as some of the results looked extremely similar and it could be hard to key between samples.It is also more appropriate than measuring the percentage change in mass of the jelly cube before and after the 24 hour period as it is difficult to extract what is left of the jelly and it is not as accurate. D2 In order to try to obtain accurate results a be of procedures had to be carried out Firstly, we used the same specimen of jelly. Although the jelly is from the same company there could be a difference in the composition of gelatine. If this was allowed to line up it could mean that it would take longer to break down some samples than others.This would then affect the overall results of the experiment as it would create an anomaly. Secondly, we also used a colorimeter which is extremely accurate when it com es to measuring the percentage light transmission. As it measures the percentage light transmission as a numerical value. Thirdly, we only handled the side of the cuvette as if we touched the front where the light passed through it would affect how much light passed through as it will leave a finger stigma on the glass and make it harder for the light to pass through. Fourthly, we kept the temperature at a constant 25C using a water bath.At low temperatures, an increase in temperature causes an exponential increase in enzyme activity. This is because an increase in temperature leads more kinetic energy for the collisions of enzymes and substrates, so the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes increases. At high temperatures (above 40C), an increase in temperature causes a sharp decline in enzyme activity. This is because the bonds holding the tertiary structure of the enzyme are broken and so the active site is denatured. We well-tried to use the same amount of jelly as this could affect the substrate concentration.If the rise up area of the substrate increases it means that it has an increased substrate concentration. As the substrate concentration increases so too does the enzyme activity. This is because a greater concentration of substrate increases the chances of collisions and the formation of enzyme substrate complexes. D3 Although the experiment was as fair as it could have been, there were some factors that were beyond our control Firstly, we could not accurately cut the cubes into equal sizes as we did not have the equipment to make a straight incision.This would increase the surface area of the substrate which will increase the substrate concentration. This would increase the enzyme activity as it will increase the chance of collision between the enzyme and substrate and more enzyme substrate complexes can be formed. Secondly, we could not check the temperature of the water bath on a regular basis as the experiment was carried out over a 2 4 hour period. If the temperature had went above 25C it would increase the rate of reaction as it provides more kinetic energy for the collision of the enzyme and the substrate, so the rate at which enzyme-substrate complexes form is increased.Although, if the temperature decreased below 25C it would have the opposite effect. It would slow the rate of reaction as it will provide less kinetic energy for the collision of enzymes and the substrate, so the rate at which enzyme-substrate complexes form is decreased. D4 and D5 My experiment is reliable as it was repeated six times in the form of the pooled class result and all of the results seemed to follow the same general trend. Although, if we had more time we may have been able to do the experiment once more which would make the average or mean more accurate.However, there were a few anomalies among the group results. As you can see from table 1, in the test for trypsin at pH 9, group 2s result decreased from the previous result (pH 8) whereas every other group increased except for group 3 whos stayed the same as the previous result (pH 8). This could be caused from a fingerprint being put on the cuvette where the light passes through this could put down the percentage light transmission through the solution as it will cover the glass.

Dr. Martin Luther King; a Dream Come True? Essay

During the Civil Rights Movement, a man named name Dr. Martin Luther big businessman Jr. stepped up as a attraction in order to help closedown racial segregation. During this time and the many years before it, Afri bathroom Americans suffered gr finishly. Dr. exponents I Have A Dream speech made a huge turning point in the Civil Rights Movement and opened the door to comparability. On August 28, 1963, King gives his speech for freedom. He begins by stating the emancipation of the slaves, issued by Abraham Lincoln and mentions that blacks are still not free. He is very persuasive and passionate while samewise being aggressive and confrontational. King, along with his supporters, demands a fast and radical change rather than a slow process. Although demanding, King is a very peaceful person and hopes to obtain equality through non-violent actions. His use of Ghanaian style protest proved to be the most humble and effective approach.He knows that fighting emphasis with violence will only create an endless cycle of fighting, cruelty, and suffering. After stating his demands, he moves on to what many people would call the most memorable crash of the speech, which is his I have a dream part. In that part he laid out his vision and hopes for the Civil Rights movement. The ultimate message from his speech is equality among all people not just African Americans. Forty-nine years has passed since this legendary speech, which begs the question Did Dr. Kings dreams come true? This is not a perfect world and in that respect will always be some sort of conflict or imperfection when it comes to true equality, but that being said, I think that his dream has come true. His dream was that people would be judged not by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character that segregation would end and that all men, women, and children could live as free human beings. In some ways, Dr. Kings dream has come true. African American students can go to schools with white students, they can all eat in the same restaurants together, and some heretofore marry one another.Segregation is kept out of school and communities so the children of today are able to have better lives. His dream was that everyone could be free. It seems clear that life in the South has improved for African- Americans. African-Americans have become professionals and t to each oneers and even Mayors of cities and towns throughout the South. Black Congressmen and women have been elected from the South. In the North, Blacks have also progressed in all walks of life. One African-American of mixed heritage grew up to be elected to the Illinois State House and the United States Senate and made it all the way to the White House. The ability of Barack Obama to become President was made possible by Dr. King and his comrades who brought the Civil Rights movement to all of our doorsteps. There will always be some form of racism out there, but at this point its just regarded simply as ignorance. Right now, racism isnt even close to how it was nearly fifty years ago.For the most part, people treat each other equally. Any opportunity for a white man is the same opportunity for a black man. There are no limitations to anyone based on race. Equality has definitely gotten a lot better ever since Dr. Kings speech. Dr. Kings dream has certainly come true in many ways. Take President Obama for example the first African American president in U.S. history after all the bad thats happened like slavery and unfair treatment against blacks. We have come from being in the slave house to the white house. The Civil Rights Movement definitely helped the progression of African Americans rights in America.With public demonstrations, rallies, boycotts and freedom rides, the African American race was given the right to ride on the same public transportation, eat at the same restaurants, and go to the same schools as the white race. The Civil Rights Movement also gave African American s the right to register to vote. Since Martin Luther Kings time, there have emerged many African Americans who have become very successful and influential like Oprah Winfrey, Sean P. Diddy Combs, and Shawn Jay-Z Carter to name a few.We have accomplished and are doing so many good things and have become very proud people. There are still many people out there who are racist, consider racist remarks, and feel like other races are different in a bad way. That being said, the level of significance in racism is nowhere near how it was before. As previously stated, this isnt a perfect world and there will always be ignorance everywhere. If that disparity in behavior cant be completely eradicated, will the Black man ever be truly free? Dr. King initiated a huge improvement in the freedom for many and he was definitely successful, but at this point it is up to the individuals to make a difference for themselves whenever they face ignorance.

Leadership In Teamwork Essay

Leadership plays a signifi rout outt role in the actualization of the caboodle objectives and goals of establishment. A draw is someone who has motivates the members in an organization in working towards effectively attaining the set objectives and goals of the organization. Hence, he poses the purveyor of punishment and rewards as a way of deterring laziness and encouraging hard work. Thus, a draw stares the members of the organization and keep them focused on the set objectives and goals of the organization.There are different leading ardours that are exhibited as the drawing card operates in the organization. These include democratic leadership style, autocratic, free rein, and situational or transformational leadership. A democratic leader is one that that respects the views of members and adopts their input in making a final decision for the organization. This type of leader welcomes opinions from his subordinates and seeks their views on vital matters concerning the progre ssion of the organization. On the other hand an autocratic leader is someone who does either the decisions in the organization by himself. He has little or no trust on the talent of subordinates.He or she tends to compel workers to abide by his or her decisions whether they are pleasing or not. Leize faire or free rein leadership style is one that gives maximum freedom to workers to make discretions of their own pertaining on how they choose to work or operate. He has little contribution to make on the pattern of commission the workers in working towards meeting the organizations objectives and goals. Thus, he is regarded as a figure head. A situational or transformational leader is someone that adapt to changes in the purlieu in which he operates in. a transitional leader dont have a fixed characteristics but adopt a leadership style that is most relevant in effectively meeting the organizations objectives and goals.This leadership style is considered as most effective as the l eader will adapt to the changes in the environment by cultivating the right attitude towards motivating the workers in meeting the organizations goals and objectives. A transformational leader adopts or transform to a given characteristic (either the X variables or Y variables in McGregor theory) depending on the situation. (Wetheim 2005).The transformational leader becomes more effective in periods of uncertainties and high level of instability in the environment. According to Gellis (2001), cited in Mizrahi & Berger (2005), with organizational changes administrators find themselves balancing an internal and an external focus simultaneously.Whereas some administrators rise above the challenges and continue to digest positive leadership, others may become overwhelmed by chaos and pressure and turn negative. Still others may set out to survive by accommodating and adjusting to the environment, exhibiting the traits of transactional leader. A transformational leader thus, tends to survive in an environment where in that location is high level of changes. This is attained by their ability to adopt the right traits to withstand the changes in the environment.to a fault a transformational leader, have the capability of motivating workers during period of changes resulting from alliances, merger, takeover or reformation in the perplexity structure of the organization. During such period the workers are vulnerable or incapacitated in making a right decision. Some may truncated into making irrational decision from the fear of loosing their jobs or they cant cope with the new structure in place. It then boils on the transformational leader to direct and reason these workers into adopting the right attitude in making the transformation in the organization become a success.In this view, Lajara et al (2002), argue that leadership capacity is perhaps the one of the most necessary elements in this accomplish of alliance. The participation of senior managers must go b eyond the formulation of a strategy based on alliance, they must personally be engaged and show their commitment and enthusiasm in the alliance. This means that a way in which a leader behaves in situation of transformation or changes in the environment will make low ranked employees see reason why to continue by eyesight the relevance of such transformation in the organization.Thus a transformational leader stands to direct his followers in cultivating the right attitude and be motivated in a dynamic environment.REFRENCESLajara, B. Marco, et al (2002), The Role of human Resource Management in the cooperative Strategy Process in Human Resource planning. Vol. 25, no 2Mizrahi, T. & Berger, C.S. (2005), A Longitudinal Look at Social Work leadership in Hospitals The stupor of a Changing Health Care System in Health and Social Work. Vol. 30, No. 2Wertheim, Edward G. (2005), Historical Background of Organizational Behavior http//web.cba.neu.edu/ewertheim/introd/histroy.htm

Modern Beliefs and Religion Essay

Children argon influenced by the environment that they argon subjected to. It is the responsibility of practicians and other adults who are in contact with clawren to view that they are presented with positive ideas and images in target to support their moral and spiritual ripening.Task 1A babes spiritual explicatement take ons the development of their sense of self, their potential, their understanding of their strengths and weaknesses, and their motivation to achieve. Their moral development involves children gaining an understanding of the difference between mighty and wrong, a concern for others and the will to do what is right. They begin to be able to reflect on the consequences of their actions and match how to forgive others and themselves. Moral and spiritual development is taught through all in all subjects of the curriculum and in particular RE and PSHE. Early years care practitioners help to support childrens moral and spiritual development passim their ahead of era development stages.Practitioners help to do this by using inclusion, this is where they provide children with the opportunity to learn and develop through activities and other types of school work. However, the practitioners whitethorn need to amend activities to meet all the different childrens needs and requirements e.g. a child with special educational needs may need work sheets in a certain font size to enable them to shoot it with ease. A nonher way in which practitioners may help to meet each childs aims is to provide ability appropriate activities. It is important for previous(predicate) years practitioners to do this as the children will then realise that allone can join in activities up to now if they have specific needs. This will result in the children feeling valued and building on their self-esteem.An early years practitioners should behave morally correct for the children to follow and look up to as a consumption model/example as children imitate and lear n behaviour from others who are remarkable to them. To support childrens moral and spiritual development it is essential for the early years practitioner to praise and encourage childrens healthy behaviour. Practitioners should encourage children to tell the truth, keep promises, respect others, care for the slight fortunate, and to accept responsibility for their induce actions. Behaviour like bullying, lying, cruelty, irresponsibility, and selfishness should be expressed to the children as morally wrong, and it could trouble oneself or hurt other individuals. How care practitioners support moral and spiritual development throughThe erudition environmentThe school, but mainly the classroom provides a suitable environment for promoting and supporting moral and spiritual development. Children learn to lead, use their initiative, and become disciplined through learning what is right and wrong. It will help to construct positive personal relationships between children and adults, and they should be encouraged based on the value of and respect for every individual. The learning environment will help the children to be knowledgeable close to the different celebrations that take short letter in a divers(prenominal) society e.g. Diwali, Christmas, easterly and so on.SensitivityPractitioners should emphasis to children that they should values themselves and others as everyone has a place and a role within society. Also, the preparation for life within a diverse society should be included into the childrens teaching to ensure they are aware that there are many different cultures and beliefs living in one society. Another role the practitioners need to take is to ensure children are aware of the role of the family in society. Inclusive behaviourThis involved promoting values, for example, explaining to the children that they should tell the truth and not lie to other children or adults. With this children should respect others and treat people the way in which they want to be treated. Practitioners should include all children within the day to day activities and plan for those with extra specific needs. Considering spirituality even without a structured belief system Children should be able to explore their own beliefs and think round what they may belief without the practitioners putting bias views on them. Practitioners should encourage children to look more deeply into their own belief and explain it is okay to have a different belief compared to their other peers.Task 2Early year Practitioners must make sure that they are keeping each individual reliable so that they dont victimize any child in the setting regarding their religion or beliefs or any other structure in their life such as culture as this will destroy the childs self-esteem or may begin to lose their beliefs. At side each practitioner values each child to making sure that that they are not picking on any child because of their religion or beliefs. Practitioners must m ake sure that they include all children to the activities making sure that the children are in a diverse atmosphere at all times so the children will be able to follow their beliefs.The practitioners should set up activities that relate to a religion introducing the children to different religious celebrations etc. so that the Children would be aware of other religions around them. Practitioners should read books that include different religions for the children to gain more knowledge about there and other religions. At placement spiritual development is promoted as we have many books about religious celebrations such as Christmas, Ramadan, Easter and many more. This teaches the children to respect other beliefs as they are aware of other religious festivals.At early years settings practitioners must persuade children to tell the truth and also telling them what will happen if they were to be lying to one of the practitioners. For the practitioners to be able to encourage children t o tell the truth practitioners should have activities like role play for the children to take part in as by this activity the practitioner can order of battle the children that it is bad to lie. Practitioners should also encourage discipline to children, such as if a child is doing the wrong social occasion such as ripping a book the practitioners that see it must talk to the child instantly and let them know that ripping a book is wrong and explain in detail for the child to understand.This way children learn from their mistakes what they did was wrong, by punishing the child for instance putting the child in time out will persuade them not to do it again. Care practitioners also need to teach children about valuing themselves and others around them. This will in return build an atmosphere in which peers respect one some other and also respect members of staff/adults. Practitioners can help children grasp a sense of valuing themselves by praiseful them if they have done someth ing good, for example, if the child helped to tidy up, or doing something extra than what they normally would do, then praising the child will make them feel good about themselves.The child will feel as though they have achieved something good and will therefore be happy with themselves. However, the practitioner may find it unvoiced to teach the children to value others around them as children find it difficult to empathize how others feel and respect others when they are young. This mainly comes with age, but a firm grounding from the practitioner will help. Teaching them things like the harsh saying of treat people how you want to be treated. When children have been unkind to one some other the practitioner may want to ask them questions like How would it make you feel if someone did that to you? This will vacate the children to begin to value others as they will realize that unkind actions may hurt or confuse others.

Global Warming Introduction Essay Essay

Many researchers, scientists, and environmentalists are expressing concerns ab turn up changes in the all all overall climate of the hide. approximately mean that a dramatically dangerous heating plant is taking place in the overall planetary climate, a problem that is referred to as spherical warming. This paper will attempt to explore this very issue.mood is defined as the analysis of accumulated weather data for long term patterns and trends. The Oxford Reference dictionary defines change as, To make or become different. Climate change is in that respectfore defined as long weather patterns and trends becoming different over an extended period of time. For example, if the modal(a) temperature in Kalamazoo, Michigan over the 20th century is epoch-makingly higher or lower than the average temperature in Kalamazoo, Michigan over the 19th century, this would be an example of climate change.Changes in climate can issuing from both born(p) events and human activities. E xamples of natural causes of climate change are volcanic eruptions, variations in the earths sphere around the sun, and variations in solar output (Ahrens, 485-491). Examples of human-induced causes of climate change include industrial pollutants and fossil fuels (Rhodes, 116), warming of average annual temperatures payable to urbanization (Eichenlaub, 163), and changes in the earths albedo due to deforestation of tropical rainforests (Geiger, 320). Climate change in the context of this paper refers to changes that military issue from human activities, especially as these changes relate to the issue of global warming. Of special importance is the glasshouse gas tack together which is defined as, The housing of thermal emissions from the earths surface by human-induced greenhouse gases (He). If global warming is indeed happening, it is the greenhouse gas effect that is believed to be the most responsible.There are some scientists who do not believe that there is enough evidenc e to support the idea of global warming. They cite that concerns about global warming develop been blown well out of proportion by the media. At the same time, other scientists assert that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that industrial activities, automobile emissions, and technological pollutants may eventually solvent in dangerous (and even deadly) trends in the overall global climate. This paper will attempt to report this concern by analyzing some of the scientific studies that strike been published in major meteorology journals.Our cash dispenser consists of many gases. Some of these gases, such as ascorbic acid dioxide and water vaporisation, naturally absorb long-wave radiation that is emitted from the earths surface. Short-wave solar radiation enters the earths atmosphere and is absorbed by the earths surface. This radiation is then recycled and emitted as long wave terrestrial radiation. Gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb this radiation, h old it in the atmosphere, and keep the temperature of the earth warmer than it would otherwise be if there wasnt an atmosphere. This is what meteorologists refer to as the natural greenhouse effect (Mower).Problems could potentially arise, however, when human activities add extra trace gases into the atmosphere that also absorb out-going long-wave radiation. These additional trace gases include methane, chlorofloro carbons, nitrous oxide, aerosols, ozone, and carbon dioxide. The result is an increment in the amount of long-wave radiation that is being trapped by the atmosphere. It is believed that this could eventually increase the average overall global temperature.Carbon dioxide is considered the trace gas of greatest importance because of the substantial increase in its atmospheric concentration as well as its probable continued rise due to global consumption of fossil fuels (Rhodes, 116). It is clear from looking at the evidence that carbon dioxide concentrations are increasin g dramatically in the atmosphere. Observations of carbon dioxide concentrations are available for several locations. Over the period of 1973 to 1982, the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide in Barrow, Alaska rose steadily from 332.6 parts per cardinal (ppm) to 342.8 parts per million (Geiger, 110-111).This is not isolated to Barrow, Alaska. Records from other locations, such as Mauna Loa in Hawaii, are confirming that carbon dioxide concentrations are increasing in the atmosphere at a dramatic rate. Continuous instrument records for atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations date back to the 1950s at the Mauna Loa observatory (Michaels, 1564). In 1958, the average atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide was only 316 parts per million (ppm). Preindustrial carbon dioxide concentrations are believed to be 279 parts per million (Michaels, 1564), and the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in 1990 was 353 parts per million (Rhodes, 116). However, as one author points ou t, the fact that we are dealing with significant changes in carbon dioxide does not automatically mean that we are looking at a serious problem (Lindzen, 288). This author points out that carbon dioxide is a minor atmospheric constituent and as such, its variations might not be notably important. He goes on to say that there are a number of things that increasing levels of carbon dioxide could effect and influence, including in ways that are beneficial. For example, at altitudes of 25 km to 90 km, the atmosphere is cooled primarily by thermal radiation emitted to space by carbon dioxide. Increasing carbon dioxide should cool these regions, and this, in turn, should snuff it to increasing concentrations of ozone at these levels. Increasing carbon dioxide might also stimulate the growth of vegetation (Lindzen, 288-289). trance there are indeed some possible benefits to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, the main concerns have focused on the possibility that increa sing carbon dioxide might significantly warm our climate (Lindzen, 289). oneness author wrote that there is general agreement that increasing carbon dioxide will produce warming due to its ability to absorb in the infrared radiation (Lindzen, 289).There are studies that have indicated that no significant change in the overall global climate has yet taken place. For example, a study that was through with(p) by P. W. Spencer and J. R. Christy, using temperature records from the period of 1979 through 1990, showed a global trend of only +0.04 degrees Celsius per decade (Michaels, 1566). early(a) studies showed that the Northern Hemisphere has had no significant warming, while the Southern Hemisphere has had a slight temperature increase in the order of 0.2 degrees Celsius since the 1950s (Michaels, 1566). Patrick J. Michaels speculates that the reason that we have not seen a significant increase in temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere is because of the balancing effect of anthrop ogenerated sulfates going into the atmosphere as a result of industrial pollution. Anthropogenerated sulfates have a cooling effect on the atmosphere because of their ability to reflect inpouring solar radiation back to space. Michaels explains this in more detail when he writes, Because anthropogenerated sulfates are primarily produced and wait in the Northern Hemisphere, we may therefore be equaling the current enhanced greenhouse forcing with actual oppose forcing in the hemisphere that contains most of the worlds population (Michaels, 1573).This lead to the obvious question of whether or not the lack of a significant increase in global temperature should be taken as evidence that we should not be concerned about the issue. William W. Kellog of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado has written an article called retort to Skeptics of worldwide Warming in which he responds to many of the objections that have been raised against global warming. Kell og points out that five or so of the most advanced climate models, developed over a period of many years by top notch teams, have all come to essentially the same conclusion The global average surface temperature would probably rise by about 2 to 5 K if the greenhouse gas concentration were maintained at image the pre-industrial revolution level (Kellog, 500). Kellog suggests that the reason that we have not seen a change as of yet in the overall warming is because of a temperature lag of several decades due in queen-sized part to the large heat capacity of the oceans of the world (Kellog, 500). He asserts that the evidence is still in favor of the fact that, in the first place or later, a serious warming of the climate will occur.ReferencesAhrens, C. Donald. Meteorology Today An Introduction to Weather, Climate, and the Environment, fifth Edition. newfound York West Publishing Company, 1995.Eichenlaub, Val L., Jay R. Haman, Fred V. Nurnberger, and Hans J. Stolle. The Climatic Atlas of Michigan. University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana, 1990.Geiger, Rudolf, Robert H. Aron, Paul Todhunter. The Climate some the Ground, 5th Edition. Braunschweig, Germany Friedr, Veiweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995.He, Chansheng. Classroom notes presented verbally in Natural Resource Management, GEOG 555. Western Michigan University, winter 1999.Kellog, William W. Response to Skeptics of Global Warming. Bulletin American Meteorology Society. Volume 74, Number 4 (April 1991), pp. 499-511.Oxford American Dictionary. Oxford University Press New York, 1980.Lindzen, Richard S. Some Coolness Concerning Global Warming. Bulletin American Meteorology Society. Volume 71, Number 3 (March 1990), pp. 288-299.Michaels, Patrick J. Global Warming A Reduced Threat? Bulletin American Meteorology Society. Volume 73, Number 10 (October 1992), pp. 1563-1577.Mower, R. Neil. Classroom notes presented verbally in Physical Meteorology, ESC 530. Central Michigan University, autumn 1996. Rhodes, Steven L. Climate and Environmental abasement of the Great Lakes. Journal of Environmental Systems. Volume 22, Number 2, pp. 105-122.

Elements of Democracy and Constitutionalism Essay

The 16th chairwoman of the United States of America explained it succinctly. Democracy, that is. Democracy is a political science system adopted by many nations. It is mayhap one of the oldest forms of political rule, one that transcends over time.. Democracy and constitution are practiced two of the many theories that origin in Greece, one of the oldest cradles of civilization. Democracy takes its root from the Greek word which means rule by the people (Johnston, 1987). It is different from other types of authorities system such as dictatorship or undemocratic (1987).Democracy occurs when people choose its establishment, or those who will lead them. Democracy dates back to prehistoric times. about anthropologists, for instance, put one across unearthed state in races (1987). It is called primitive nation wherein a tribal council rules a certain tribe (1987). The council is usually composed of families and clans (1987). The Iroquois Confederacy, which ruled some parts of the United States, is another example of democratic establishment (1987). It is even said that the Confederacy contributed to the creation of the US constitution (Cook, 2000).Democracy has several political, economic and tender characteristics. One of its vital political characteristic is that men are equal before the law, meaning everyone is entitle to equal right, to participate in all political decisions (Johnston, 1987). Each has the right to vote or choose. During the Athenian establishment, adult male citizens convened to address public issues. As democracy continued to become familiar, especially in Europe and America, the right to vote was adopted, but was limited to male land owners (1987).It was only during the 20th century, wherein women in nations practicing democracy were given the right to suffrage (1987). Another prominent element in democracy is granting immunity of expression. This pertains to the liberty to express ones self through speech, press and assembly (Johnston, 1987). Through immunity of expression, views on certain issues would be addressed. The English, French, and American revolutions were geared towards achieving freedom of expression (1987). Basic to democracy is the appraisal of majority rule. In a democratic nation, a consensus should be achieved.While the majority is generally followed, minority rights are also taken in consideration (Johnston, 1987). The minoritys purpose is not to action the majority but to give alternatives (1987). Furthermore, one economic characteristic of a democracy is to collect equation not just in political areas but in economic as well. Democratic nations have labor unions to address the welfare of the workers (Johnston, 1987). Some countries like the United States passed laws on regulating employment-related issues such as wages and Social Security (1987). Likewise, democracy affects the social distinctions of a nation.Democracy curtails differences on sex, wealth, birth, race and worsh ip (Johnston, 1987). The 14th Amendment to the United States, for example, states that a citizen must(prenominal) be granted all rights (1987). In Greece where the term democracy derived, democracy arose when the middle class comp locomote merchants, started to gain great power (Johnston, 1987). It use to be that tribal systems were dominant in Greece (Rabb, 1987). The period, which was known as Age of Kings had mini-monarchies in Greece (1987). However, by 1000 BC to 500 BC, people started to conceive about the government.By this time, the sentiment of popular government had started to crop up (1987). A popular government is defined as a government wherein people should not be under the control of others (1987). This popular government concept is the precursor of what is not democracy. Athens was the place where the Greeks first experience democracy (1987). As stated earlier, Athenian democracy practiced voting, although was limited to citizens and men only (1987). It was also during this time that Socrates, the majuscule Greek philosopher, was sentenced to death (1987).When Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Greece, the popularity of democracy faded. During the Roman period, the Roman tribune was tasked to stand in for the people or the plebian (Johnston, 1987). The plebian comprised the lower class. It was the Romans who idealized that citizens should be equal before the law (1987). In 16th century, the reaping of European trade proved to be a platform for democracy to expand (Johnston, 1987). Throughout Europe, the rising middle class started demanding for recognizing their rights (1987). In England, for instance, free enterprise capitalism developed (1987).In France, advocating on democracy was prohibited especially since the country had absolute monarchy as its type of government (Johnston, 1987). However, some French writers and philosophers started propagating the idea of democracy (1987). Voltaire wrote on the freedom of speech Baron de Montesquieu drafted a model of a government social structure wherein the executive, legislative, and judicial branches are of equal power and Jean Jacques Rousseau advocated on an equal society (1987). These are just examples of ancient democratic practices. Another Ancient Greek political idea is the constitution.The great Greek philosopher Aristotle used the term constitution to pertain to government forms- either good or bad (Safra, 20002). According to Aristotle, monarchy and magnanimousness are good constitution whereas tyranny, oligarchy and democracy are bad constitution (2002). A essential government has several elements-procedural stability, accountability, representation, division of power, openness and disclosure (Safra, 2002). Procedural stability means that basic laws of the government must not be changed randomly (Safra, 2002). The government must provide it citizens the laws so that its citizens would know the consequences (2002).Accountability pertains to the gov ernments responsibility to its citizens (Safra, 2002). It is executed through processes such as elections, fiscal accounting, and referendum (2002). Representation states that the people who have been elected should serve as representatives of their constituents (Safra, 2002). Elections ensure that citizens are well represented by those elected. Constitutionalism allows division of power of legislature, executive, and judiciary to ensure check and balance in the government (Safra, 2002). Since democracy sits in constitutionalism, there should exists openness and disclosure in the government.Citizens cannot participate in a constitutional government if they are not privy to the workings. It is thence necessary to have openness and disclosure in the government, to have access to pertinent documents. Constitutional government has been practiced by several countries. Former colonies of Great Britain in Asia and the Caribbean such as India and Nigeria had adopted constitutional form of government (Safra, 2002). European countries such as France, Germany and Italy have likewise adopted this form of government. In France, for example, its previous government had been absolute monarchy.The constitution of the Third Republic was established in 1870 (Safra, 2002). It was followed for roughly 70 years until the German invasion (2002). In the constitution of the Fourth Republic, the average cabinet life became shorter because the government had to deal with the Algerian independence movement (2002). The constitution of the Fifth Republic provides power to the president to supplant the Parliament (2002). The U. S. constitution, on the other hand, copied most of its phrases from the British constitutional vocabulary (Safra, 2002).The English constitution was the gear up of custom rather than a premeditated consultation. Parliament was the product of the Curia Regis or the Kings Council (2002). The US constitution was amended for its own use. The constitution states that the US government has three branches executive, judicial and legislative. It was signed on September 17, 1787 (Constitution of the United States, 2000). The US constitution serves as the foundation of the US government. It is divided into three parts- the preamble, articles and amendments (2000).